Political Studies and Public Administration

The objective is to provide a comprehensive guide to the bureaucratic process in Lebanon, as well as a comprehensive basis for evaluating Lebanon’s extensive program. The resulting book will provide much needed text material for academic courses and training seminars, (with Monte Palmer and George Bitar). Project in its initial exploratory stage. R. Antoun.

Sectarian divergence and convergence among youth in the second Lebanese Republic

The study entails an investigation of political attitudes of Lebanese university students. It aims at exploring the efficiency, perception and attitudes towards the post-war political system in Lebanon, along with future expectations and activities which might be undertaken either in support of the system or for introducing change. Asmar, C*., M. Kisirwani and Springborg, R*. (Supported partially by the Australian Research Council.)

Forthcoming book. I. B. Tauris, and Harvard University Press, 1999. F. el Khazen.

Forthcoming chapter in a collective work edited by Barbara Roberson. F. el Khazen.

Forthcoming chapter in a collective work edited by Moonis Ahmar. F. el Khazen.

New objectives and old challenges for European security politics in the Mediterranean region: Lebanon’s perspective

Forthcoming essay in a collective work sponsored by the Adenauer Foundation, 1999. F. el Khazen.

Forthcoming article in the University of Balamand periodical al-Mirqab, 1999. F. el Khazen.

This project is part of a broader study on political parties in the Arab world. The focus is on the role of political parties in the promotion of democracy and pluralism. F. el Khazen.

A research project dealing with Lebanon’s political process, role and place in regional politics since the end of the war in the early 1990s. F. el khazen.

This is part of the author‘s book project on Druze Effectiveness During the Civil War (completed). The chapter examines Jumblat’s appeal and importance from the perspective of several theories concerning ethnic conflict and minority behavior. Other chapters are in progress. J.Harik.

Clientelism operatein every political system in the Middle East, but its amount, specific nature and legitimacy vary enormously. Forty-six years of consociational democracy in Lebanon can be summarized as failure to integrate sections of the civil society into the political system. In particular, clientelism in Lebanon persists despite changes in its patterns. It seems that neither the logic democracy nor the logic of civil society outrun the logic of power of clientelism. On the contrary, instead of being destroyed by the process of democratization, clientelism has changed its forms and functions over time. This study will examine how clientelism is rooted and intertwined with the rules of political game in Lebanon. I then discuss the system’s general trends of clientelism. Finally, I will address the Islamic segment of Lebanon’s clientelism. Research has been completed. The work is to be presented in the American Political Science Association Ninety-fifth Annual Meeting, Atlanta, USA, September, 1999, N. Hamzeh.

An analysis of Lebanon’s Islamist and local politics, in particular the 1998 municipal elections. The article will appear in The British Journalof the Middle East, Fall 1999. N. Hamzeh.

The aim of this research is to answer which Islamic groups and movements can be called political parties. What roles and functions are performed by Islamic political parties? The analysis is expected to shed light not only on the Islamic parties' structures and functions but on the theoretical level of a general theory of political parties as well. Research is completed and writing of the manuscript is underway. N. Hamzeh.

The aim of this research is to examine the development of Islamic fundamentalism in Bahrain and its impact on the internal and regional political situation. Research is completed and writing of the manuscript is underway. N. Hamzeh.

The Central Inspection Commission in Lebanon: how can it transform the public sector?

Lebanese bureaucracy, beginning with the Mandate era in 1920, has shown chronic ills and weaknesses, which reflected primarily a poorly developed social conscience for which personal profit and private loyalty take precedence over public duty. The Commission, as a leading control agency, has been crippled for over twenty-five years and its revitalization is vital for creating an effective and credible bureaucracy. The aim of the study is to explore the means by which the Commission can reinvigorate public institutions and foster the state’s capability to deliver goods and services efficiently. M. Kisirwani.

Because the basic principles of Islam are not well known in the West, especially in the English speaking world, the book outlines and analyzes the basic principles that make Islam what it is. Reading, UK: Garnet Publishing Limited, 1999. A. Moussalli .

Because liberal democracy seems to have become the current dominating world ideology, this book examines the possibility of introducing it into the main body of modern Islamic thought through a re-interpretation of the past and the present and through finding comparable doctrines in the history of Islam. Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1999. A. Moussalli.

The book delineates the theoretical and political underpinnings of fundamentalist ideology that has effected the past, present and the foreseeable future not only of local state politics or regional relationships but, more importantly, the international arena and the new world order. It draws up the actual political application of these underpinnings on state level, as in the case of Iran and Sudan, and the regional level, as in the case of radical fundamentalist movements in Egypt, Israel and the Occupied Territories and Lebanon. This book is being written for Oxford University Press. A. Moussalli.

The ideological, political and religious origins and development of Muslim Brotherhood

This book re-examines the origins of the beginning of Muslim Brotherhood and its major lines of development with due emphasis on structural and ideological transformations. It analyzes the fundamentals of its ideology and the main ideological variations that branched out within and outside of Egypt. The book is being written for Center for Strategic Studies, Research and Documentation, Beirut. A. Moussalli.

The Qur’an and the Bible as Political Models, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (submitted). A. Moussalli.

Islamic Revival During the Last Quarter of the Twentieth Century, Islamic Heritage Center Beirut, (submitted). A. Moussalli.

Islam and the West (English version by Selly Oak Colleges), (Arabic Version by Jordanian University), (submitted). A. Moussalli.

The Shi‘a of Lebanon and the confessional system before and after the civil war

Religious and Ethnic Minorities in the Arab World, (Ibn Khaldun Center, Cairo), (submitted). A. Moussalli.

Conference on Iran and its Revolution, Foreign Ministry of Iran, September 1998. A. Moussalli.

Conference on Islam and the West, University of Copenhagen, November 1998. A. Moussalli.

The Conference on Sources of information on the Islamic World, King Abdulaziz Public Library and Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah/Saudi Arabia, September 1999. A. Moussalli.

The Politics of the Middle East provides a comparative analysis of the politics of six Middle Eastern Countries: Egypt, Israel, Syria, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Iran. A first draft of the book is complete. The final draft will be submitted to the publisher, F.E. Peacock, in June of 2000. M. Palmer.

Foreign Policies of the Middle East is a companion volume to the Politics of the Middle East described above, and should be submitted for publication in approximately two years. The book is also under contract to F. E. Peacock. M. Palmer.

I am the AUB coordinator of a joint AUB/Free University of Berlin research proposal entitled. The Levant: A Paradigm? Approximately thirty scholars, half from AUB and half from various German universities, will be involved in the project. M. Palmer.

The Center for Arab and Middle Eastern Studies and the Middle East Technical University (Ankara) are currently seeking funding for a conference entitled The Domestic Determinants of Middle East Foreign Policy. The conference will be held at AUB and will result in the publication of a edited volume of the same title. M. Palmer.

Members of the Public Administration section of the Political Studies and Public Administration Department are currently seeking funding for the above project from USAID. The project objectives are:

A book tentatively entitled State and Society in Postwar Lebanon. The book is an analysis of the main issues relating to politics, political economy, and social poin postwar Lebanon and is to be finished by the Summer of 2000. Cambridge University Press has expressed a preliminary interest in the project. P. Salem.

A study on the effect of NGOs on public policy and governance in Lebanon by focusing on a number of particular case studies. The study is part of a global study of civil society and governance. It is to be completed in the Spring of 2000. It is funded by the Ford Foundation. P. Salem.

A co-edited book on local government in the Arab world. The book is part of a wider project with the World Bank on this topic and has included a number of conferences and participation from scholars around the region. It is funded by the Economic Development Institute of the World Bank. P. Salem.

A study of the combination of development priorities relating to Lebanon in the next decade. The study integrates social, economic, and political development priorities in a consolidated and integrated view. Funded by the United Nations Development Program. P. Salem.

Antoun, R., The role of municipalities in renewing democratic life. Hurriyat, (8), Summer 1997.

———, The Status of Municipalities in Mount Lebanon: Hindrances Facing Local Participation and Balanced Development. Beirut: Lebanese Center for Policy Studies, 1998.

———,co-ed., The Status of Municipalities in Lebanon Facing Local Participation and Balanced Development. Beirut: Lebanese Center for Policy Studies, 1998.

Antoun, R., Krayem, H., Salem, P., conclusion to The Status of Municipalities in Mount Lebanon: Hindrances Facing Local Participation and Balanced Development. Beirut: Lebanese Center for Policy Studies, 1998.

Biswas, A.K.*, Kolars, J.*, Murakami, M.*, Waterbury, J., Wolf, A.*, Core and Periphery: A Comprehensive Approach to Middle Eastern Water. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997.

el Khazen, F., Permanent settlement of Palestinians in Lebanon: a recipe for conflict. Journal of Refugee Studies, 10 (3), 275-293, 1997.

———, Tajribat al-Tahalufat wa al-Niza’at Bayn al-Ahzab al-Siyasiyya fi Lubnan. In al-Ahzab wa al-Qiwa al-Siyasiyya fi Lubnan. Tajadud wa Iltizam, 133-142. Beirut: The Lebanese Foundation for Permanent Civil Peace and Konrad Adenauer Foundation, 1997.

———, Mithaq Lubnan al-Watani wa Mawathiq al-Akharin: Ma’dilat al-Ams wa al-Yawm. Introduction to the new edition of Bassim al-Jisr, Mithaq 1943, 7-17. Beirut: Dar al-Nahr, 1997.

———, Lebanon’s First Postwar Parliamentary Election: An Imposed Choice. Oxford: Center for Lebanese Studies, 1998.

———, Intikhabat 1996: Tamdid al-Khalal ‘Abr al-Intikhabat. In Al-Intikhabat al-Niyabiyya wa Azmat al-Dimuqratiyya fi Lubnan (Collective Work), 269-306. Beirut: Center for Lebanese Studies, 1998.

Hamzeh, N., Islamism in Lebanon: a guide. Middle East Quarterly, 4 (2), 47-54, 1997.

———, The future of Islamic movements in Lebanon. In Islamic Fundamentalism: Myths and Realities, ed. Mouassalli, A., 249-273. London: Ithaca Press, 1998.

Harik, J., Syrian foreign policy and state/resistance dynamics in Lebanon. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 20 (3), 249-265, Spring 1997.

———, Citizen disempowerment and the 1996 parliamentary elections in the governorate of Mount Lebanon. Democratization, 5 (1), 158-182, Spring 1998.

———, Democracy again derailed: Lebanon’s Ta’if paradox. In Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab word, ed. Brynen, R., Korany, B., and Noble, P., 2^nd vol., 127-155. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Reiner, 1999.

———, The return of the displaced and Muslim/Christian integration in postwar Lebanon. Islam and Muslim/Christian Relations, 10 (2), 159 - 175, 1999.

Khashan, H., Lebanon’s controversial 1996 parliamentary election. Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, 20 (4), 24-49, 1997.

———, The Arab world’s travails: history’s burden. Middle East Quarterly, 5 (1), 41-48, 1998.

———, The Middle East’s disappearing Christians. In Refugies, Migrants et Depalce’s: Realite’s, Misrants et Deplaces: Realite’s et Re’ponses?, ed. Johan Garde. Proceedings of the Deuxieme Seminarie sur les Refugies de la Region Mona, Saydet el-Bir, Lebanon: Caritas Internationalist, 20-25, May 1998.

———, An unpropitious return? A rejoinder. Security Dialogue, 29 (3), 359-365, 1998.

———, Russia’s Middle Eastern policy. International Affairs (Sase), 36 (1), 1999.

Kisirwani, M., The rehabilitation and reconstruction of Lebanon. In Remaking of the Middle East, ed. P. White, and W. Logan, 87-104. New York: Berg, 1997.

———, Accountability of Lebanese civil service: an overview of disciplinary mechanism. In Lebanon Beyond 2000, ed. A. Saykal, and G. Jukes , 103-124. Canberra: The Australian National University Press, 1997.

Moussalli, A., Analytical and critical reading of “Problems of Nation-State Building.” Al-Bahrain Al-Thaqafa, 14, 89-93, 1997.

———, ed., Islamic Fundamentalism: Myths and Realities. Reading/UK: Ithaca Press, 1998.

———, Globalization and the nation state in the Arab world. MESA Bulletin, 32, (1), 11-15, 1998.

———, Freedom of research centers in the Arab world. In: Freedom in the Arab World, 29-45. Cairo: Ibn Khaldun Center, 1998.

———, Islamic fundamentalist perceptions of other monotheistic religions. In Religious Mutual Perceptions, ed. Jacque Waardenburgh, 121-158. Leuven: Peters Press, 1998.

———, Islamism: islamization of modernity or modernization of Islam. In The Future of Cosmopolitanism in the Middle East, 1-18. Amsterdam, Netherlands: European Cultural Foundation, University of Amsterdam, 1998.

———, Islamic fundamentalist perceptions of other monotheistic religions. Indian Journal of Secularism, 1 (4), 15-52. 1998.

———, Islamist discourse on democracy. In Religion and Politics in Africa and the Islamic World, 8-17. Copenhagen, Denmark: University of Copenhagen, North/South Area, 1998.

———, The place of Sufism in Islamic thought. Al-Bahrain Al-Thaqafa, 16, 32-36, 1998.

———, Monasticism in Early Islamic Thought. In Syriaque Monasticism in Early Christianity, 211-218. Antelias/ Lebanon: Convent St. Elie, 1998.

———, Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalist Movements in the Arab World, Iran, and Turkey. Metuchen/NY and London: Scarecrow Press, 1999.

———, Moderate and Radical and Fundamentalism: the Quest for Modernity, Legitimacy and the Islamic State. Gainesville, FL: Florida University Press, 1999.

Palmer, M., Comparative Politics: Political Culture, Political Economy, and Political Interdependence. Itasca, Chicago, Ill.: F.E. Peacock Publisher, 1997.

———, Political Development: Challenges and Dilemmas. Itasca, Chicago, Ill.: F.E. Peacock Publisher, 1997.

Salem, P., The United States and globalism: the elements of dominance in the early 21st Century. al-Mustaqbal al-Arabi. March 1998, (229), 78-90.

———, The United States and globalism: the elements of dominance in the early 21st Century. In The Arabs and Globalism [al-arab wal-awlama]. Beirut: Center for Arab Unity Studies, 1998.

———, The structure of power in postwar Lebanon. Mediterranean Politics, 3 (1), 1998.

———, Deconstructing civil society: lessons from the Lebanese experience. The Kettering Review, 8-15, Fall 1998.

———, Politics and culture: toward an Arab agenda for the 21st century. Middle East Policy, Summer 1999.

———, supervising editor, Journal of Lebanese and Arab Studies, Abaad. Two special issues on Environmental Policy, one issue on National Priorities and Arab Political Parties.

Salem, P., Antoun, R., Krayem, H. et al., eds., The Condition of Municipalities in Lebanon: Challenges to Local Participation and Development (in Arabic). Beirut: Lebanese Center for Policy Studies, 1998.

Salem, P., Helou, H., Khazen, F., Krayem, H., et al., eds., The Parliamentary Elections in Lebanon 1996: The Crisis of Democracy (in Arabic). Beirut: Lebanese Center for Policy Studies, 1998.

Waterbury, J., Fortuitous by-products. Comparative Politics, 29 (3), 383-402, 1997.

———, Is the status quo in the Nile basin viable? The Brown Journal of World Affairs, 4 (1), 1997.

———, Between unilaterism and comprehensive accords: modest steps toward cooperation in international river bas. Water Resources Development, 13 (3), 1997.

———, The state and economic transition in the Middle East and North Africa. In Prospects for Middle Eastern and North African Economies, ed. N. Shafik, 159-177. London: Macmillan Press Ltd., 1998.

———, The long gestation and brief triumph of import-substituting industrialization. World Development, 27 (2), 323-341, 1999.

Waterbury, J., and Whittington, D.*, Playing chicken on the Nile? The implications of micro-dam development in the Ethiopian highlands and Egypt's New Valley Project. Natural Resources Forum, 22 (3), 155-164, 1998.

Antoun, R., The importance of leadership in organizational life. Armenian Youth Federation Seminar, March 27, 1997.

———, Municipalities in Lebanon: concepts and role. Alley Leo Club, September 27, 1997.

———, Transparency and accountability in public service delivery. Workshop organized by Office of the Minister of State for Administrative Reforms and Lebanese Center for Policy Studies, November 21, 1997.

———, Archiving and records management. Workshop organized by Office the Minister of State for Administrative Reforms, March 18-19, 1998.

———, Decentralization and the status of municipalities in Lebanon. CERMOC (Center D’etudes et de Recherches sur le Moyen-Orient Contemporain), Beirut, April 17, 1999.

el Khazen, F., Communal coexistence in Lebanon. Communal Coexistence in Egypt, Lebanon and Palestine, The Middle East Council of Churches, Cairo, Egypt, 1997.

———, Postwar Lebanon, 1990-1997. Royal United Services Institute for Defense Studies, London, UK, August 7, 1997.

———, The Arab Christian today, Christian-Muslim relations in post-war Lebanon. Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies, Amman, Jordan, September 15-17, 1997.

———, New objectives and old challenges for European security politics in the Mediterranean region: Lebanon’s perspective. Cooperation in Establishing Security in the Mediterranean Region, Adenauer Foundation and the European Union, Malta, November 27-30, 1997.

———, Confessional coexistence in postwar Lebanon. Minorities in the Arab world. Ibn Khaldun Center for Development, Cairo, May 29-30, 1998.

———, Election studies in Palestine. The Study of Elections in the Arab world, the Ford Foundation and the Al-Urdun al-Jadid Research Center, Amman, Jordan, May 31-June 2, 1998.

———, Human rights situation in Lebanon. International Conference on Human Rights, Justice and Peace Commission, The Vatican, Rome, July 1-4, 1998.

———, Political parties and democracy in post-war Lebanon. Civil society and Political Parties in the Arab World, Ford Foundation and Ibn Khaldun Center for Development, Cairo, Egypt, December 5-8, 1998.

———, The Peace Process, the Arab-Israeli Conflict and South Asia, Center for Asian Studies, Cairo, Egypt, February 11-14, 1999.

———, Globalization and the Middle East, Middle East Research Services, Cairo, Egypt, February 22-24, 1999.

———, The Issue of Peace in the Euro-Mediterranean Dialogue, Lebanese American University and the European Union, May 14-15,1999.

Moussalli, A., Islamic fundamentalism and religious liberalism. Globalization and US-Arab Relations, Institute for Democracy in the Arab World, Casablanca, 13-16 February 1997.

———, The end of history. National Guards’ Annual Conference, Riyadh, 5-12 March 1997.

———, Freedom of research centers in the Arab world. Freedom in the Arab World, Ibn Khaldun Center, Cairo, 31 March 3- April 1997.

———, Monasticism in early Islamic thought. Syrique Monasticism in Early Christianity, Couvent St. Elie, Antelias, Lebanon, 5 April 1997.

———, Islamism and tolerance. The Prospects of Tolerance and Despotism in the Arab World, International Forum for Islamic Dialogue, London, 13-14 September 1997.

———, Islamist discourse on democracy. Religion and Politics in Africa and the Islamic World, University of Copenhagen, North/South Area, Tune Landboskole, 13 October 1997.

———, Civil society and Islamism. Worlds and Visions: Perspectives on The Middle East Today, University of Aarhus, Denmark, 5-7 December 1997.

———, Liberalization and democracy in Kuwait. AUB Alumni Club, 12 March 1998.

———, Arab-Israeli conflict from an Islamist perspective. Department of Political Science, University of Uppsala, Sweden, 18 March 1998.

———, Human rights, pluralism and democracy in Islam. Department of Theology, University of Uppsala, Sweden, 19 March 1998.

———, Images of Muslims in the West. Islam and the West, Jordanian University, Amman, 3-5 April 1998.

———, The foundations of Islamic revival. Islamic Heritage Center, Beirut, May 12, 1998.

———, The Shi‘a of Lebanon and the confessional system before and after the civil war. Minorities in the Arab Word, Ibn Khaldun Center, Cairo, 29-30 May 1998.

———, The impact of US bombing of Sudan and Afghanistan on US-Arab relations. Panel on US-Arab Relations, Georgetown University, Center for Contemporary Arab Studies, Washington, D.C., 30 August 1998.

———, Islamic law in the modern state. Department of Law, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, 24 November, 1998.

———, Political Islam. Department of Political Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, 23 November, 1998.

———, The Qur’an as a political model. The Qur’an and the Bible as Political Models, University of Copenhagen, Nov. 25-December 2, 1998.

———, Contemporary Islamic fundamentalism: extremism or democracy?” Higher Institute of Islamic Studies, Beirut, March 17, 1999.

———, The religious implications of the Arab-Israeli peace process. The Middle East Peace Process, InterAction Council, Limassol, Cyprus, April-30-May 2, 1999.

———, Islam and Politics. Religion and Politics, Center for World Dialogue, Limassol, Cyprus, May 3-5, 1999.

———, Lebanon’s representative to the conference in drafting Tehran Declaration of Dialogue among Civilizations, Organization of the Islamic Conference, Tehran, Iran, May 4-6, 1999.

———, Current situation of the world. Inter Action Council, Cairo, May 23-25, 1999.

Palmer, M., The Quran and the Bible as models for politics: the contrasting experience of Zambia and Egypt. The Quran and the Bible as Political Models in Africa and the Middle East, Copenhagen, November 1998.

Salem, P., Perspectives on postwar Lebanon. Chair of Session, Middle East Studies Association, San Francisco, California, November 1997.

———, Civil society in Lebanon. British Middle East Studies Association, Oxford, England, November 1997.

———, Power in postwar Lebanon. British Middle East Studies Association, Oxford, England, November 1997.

———, Reflections on culture and politics in the Arab world. Arab Nationalism, Center for Arab and Middle Eastern Studies, American University of Beirut, December 1997.

———, The global power position of the United States on the eve of the 21st Century (in Arabic Globalism and the Arab World, Center for Arab Unity Studies in Beirut, December 1997.

———, World Bank Working Meeting on Development in the Mediterranean Region, World Bank, Istanbul, Turkey, February 1998.

———, Questioning the civil society paradigm. International Civil Society Exchange Meeting, Puerto Rico, February 1998.

———, Local government and decentralization in the Arab world. World Conference on Local Government Finance, World Bank, Washington DC, April 1998.

———, Approaches to the theory of civil society. Theory of Civil Society, Institute for Development Studies, University of Sussex, England, June 1998.

———, Social science research in Lebanon. Social Science in the Mediterranean Region, Florence, Italy, June 1998.

———, Elements of public corruption in Lebanon. Corruption in the Arab World, Amman, Jordan, June 1998.

———, Civil society in Lebanon. Civil Society and Political Parties in the Arab World, Ayn al-Sukhna, Egypt, December 1998.

———, Competing paradigms of civil society and democratization. World Conference on Civil Society, Kettering Foundation, Miami, Florida, January 1999.

———, Civil society and governance in Lebanon. World Conference on Civil Society and Governance, Cape Town, South Africa, February 1999.

———, Election reform and democratic development in Lebanon. Elections and Democratization in the Arab World, International Institute for Demand Electoral Assistance (International IDEA), Stockholm, Sweden, March 1999.

MASTER'S THESES

Abou Al Shamat, H., Syria under civilian rule 1954-58: improbable democracy (1999). F. el Khazen.

Baayoun, D., The politics and economic roles of women in contemporary Japan (1997). N. Hamzeh.

Baayoun, M., The recent trends in the American press coverage of the Palestinian Problem (1997). H. Krayem.

Bou Assi, K., Ministry of municipal and rural affairs: present status and future prospects (1999). M. Kisirwani, R. Antoun.

Diab, S., Job analysis and classification: a case study of OMSAR’S ongoing position classification project (1999). M. Kisirwani, R. Antoun.

Edelbi, R., An assessment of Islamic fundamentalism in the Palestinian society (1999). N. Hamzeh.

El-Haddad, H., Judicial control over public administration in Lebanon: the role of the council of state (1998). H. Khashan.

El Zein, F., The role of administrative decentralization in socio economic and political development in post war Lebanon (1999). M. Kisisrwani, R. Antoun.

Ezzedine, S., Managing human resources in a Lebanese BOT company: a case study (1998). M. Kisirwani.

Ghaziri, N., Institutional development assistance in post war Lebanon: present efforts and prospective achievements (1997). R. Antoun.

Harboyan, B., The political integration of the Armenian community in Lebanon (1998). H. Khashan.

Hijal, I., Organization development: needs, problems and prospects for Lebanon (1998). R. Antoun.

Kalash, D., Administration decentralization and decentralization in Lebanon: the role of the Muhafiz (1998). M. Kisirwani.

Khoury, A., The Islamic Republic of Iran: Khatami and the competing paradigms (1999). N. Hamzeh.

Mansour, I., A study on the political economy of postwar Lebanon: the application of selected development policies form the high performing Asian economies (1998). P. Salem.

Mogarbel, Z., Political opposition in Iran, continuity and change (case study: the people’s Majohedin of Iran) (1999). J. Harik.

Raad, M., The participation of Lebanese emigrants in the legislative elections of Lebanon (1998). H. Krayem.

Rafeh, A., The 1978 & 1982 Israeli invasions of Lebanon and the 1990 Iraqi invasion of Kuwait from the international law perspective (1999). N. Hamzeh.

Saliba, C., Human resources in total quality management, case study: Banque Audi SAL (1998). M. Kisirwani.

Semaan, N.l, The Lebanese constitutional council: a comparative approach (1999). P. Salem.

Taha, A., From Nietzsche to Nazism: the cult of the superman Nietzsche’s influence on Nazi ideology (1998). N. Hamzeh.