Biology

Altered plasma levels of nerve growth factor and transforming growth factor-b 2 in type-1 diabetes mellitus

Both NGF and TGF-b₂ have been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. No study so far has determined whether there is altered production of these cytokines in patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). In this study, the level of NGF and TGF-b₂ was measured in the serum of 26 patients with IDDM and compared it to 27 age-matched normal volunteers and 26 patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) with similar HbA1c levels and equal duration of diabetes. Serum NGF levels were significantly higher in the IDDM group than in the healthy volunteers and the NIDDM. Serum TGF-b₂ levels were significantly lower in theIDDM patients when compared with healthy volunteers and the NIDDM patients. We conclude that an increase in NGF and suppression in TGF-b₂levels are present in patients with IDDM and that both NGF and TGF-b₂may contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease. (Supported by URB.) S.T. Azar, S.C. Major, B. Safieh-Garabedian.

Localization of enzymes involved in the synthesis of cell-wall-matrix polysaccharides within the Golgi apparatus in plants

The Golgi apparatus in plants contains at least three distinct sub-compartments, the cis-, medial- and trans-Golgi compartments. The aim of this project is to discover how the enzymes, which synthesize the matrix polysaccharides of the plant cell wall are distributed between the sub-fractions of the Golgi apparatus. In previous work carried out under this project, it was shown that the xylosyl- and glucuronyltransferases involved in glucuronoxylan formation were found in the cis and medial density sub-fractions, while the xylosyltransferase involved in xyloglucan synthesis was found predominantly in the trans-Golgi sub-fraction. The methyltransferases involved in the methylation of pectin and glucuronoxylan were found in the cis and medial sub-fractions. Two fucosyltransferases and three galactosyltransferases were identified in the membrane system, and the products identified. The pattern of distribution of these fucosyl- and galactosyltransferases within the Golgi apparatus has been established. (Supported by URB.) E. Baydoun.

Cell-wall assembly: incorporation of newly-synthesized matrix polysaccharides into the plant cell wall

Nascent matrix polysaccharides synthesized in vitro by membrane-bound enzymes from etiolated pea (Pisum sativum L) epicotyls were found to bind to pea xyloglucan in a pH-dependent manner. The binding was maximum at low pH (3-4), and decreased to almost zero at pH 6. The binding was non-covalent and reached saturation within 5 minutes. Removal of the fucose residues of xyloglucan decreased the degree of binding. Removal by protease of protein(s) attached to the nascent polysaccharides greatly reduced the maximum binding and abolished the pH-dependence. Analysis of the nascent polysaccharides indicated that they included both glucuronoxylan (GAX) and pectin, and that they both bound to xyloglucan in a similar, pH-dependent manner. The observed binding may be of considerable significance in the process of cell-wall assembly and in the control of cell extension. (Supported by LNCSR.) E. Baydoun.

Distribution and characterization of cell-wall synthesizing enzymes in the Golgi apparatus of flax and peas

Methods will be developed for the isolation of the Golgi apparatus from developing xylem and phloem fibers of flax stems and from undifferentiated flax stem tissues, using methods developed from pea stems as a starting point. The distribution of polysaccharides synthases within the Golgi apparatus from each tissue will be determined and compared with those found in pea. The major synthases in each tissue will be characterized enzymically and by gel electrophoresis. Non-denaturing gel electrophoresis will be used to assign enzyme activities to specific polypeptides. The results will be used to help identify specific polysaccharide synthases, especially those involved in xylan biosynthesis, since xylan is the major matrix polysaccharide in developing flax xylem. (Supported by the Third World Academy of Sciences.) E. Baydoun.

Relationship of dietary intake to DDE residues in milk of nursing mothers in Beirut

The levels of DDE in the milk of nursing mothers in Beirut was determined and correlated to their dietary habits. Results showed a high correlation between consumption of either/or high fat meat, tuna fish and DDE levels in milk. Consumption of poultry products showed a weak correlation with DDE content of milk, whereas consumption of vegetable oils showed a negative correlation. (Supported by Medical Practice Plan (MPP), and URB.) S. Dagher, R. Talhouk, R. Tannous, and S. Mroueh.

Characterization of the components of the putative mammalian sister chromatid cohesion complex

To clone, express, and characterize the mouse homologs of the chromosomal proteins “Structure Maintenance of Chromosomes” (SMC) that are involved in chromosome separation during cell division. To appear in the journal Gene. (Supported by NIH.) N. Darwiche, L. Freeman*, A. Strunnikov*.

Regulation of neoplastic keratinocyte proliferation and cell cycle control by retinoid receptors

Retinoids are essential for normal epidermal cell growth and differentiation. They are widely used in the prevention, as well as treatment of skin disorders and cancers in humans. Most of the effects of retinoids are mediated by two families of nuclear retinoid receptors RARs and RXRs, each consisting of the receptor types a, b, and g. Our preliminary results suggest that RARa is a potential regulator of keratinocyte proliferation. Using combined in vitro and in vivo strategies we will explore the relationship between RARs and neoplastic keratinocyte proliferation and cell cycle regulation. This will include the use of RAR and RXR selective ligands and retroviral constructs harboring normal RARa, RARg, and RAR dominant-negative mutants. Insight into the role of retinoid receptors in epidermal transformation is essential in devising novel treatment strategies involving receptor-specific selective retinoids. (Supported by URB and Terry Fox Cancer Research Funds.) N. Darwiche.

Combined retinoic acid and arsenic treatment of Adult T-Cell Leukemic (ATL) cells: Effects on cell cycle control and apoptosis

Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is an aggressive peripheral T-cell neoplasm caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I). We will investigate the effects of RA and As on different cellular parameters namely cytotoxicity, proliferation, cell cycle analysis, and apoptosis. We will also study the induction of the different apoptotic pathways and their relationship to retinoid receptor signaling. As a model, we will use the ATL-derived cell line HUT-102. Whereas, the HTLV-I negative T-cell line CEM will be used as a control. Proliferation and cytotoxicity will be assessed by cell count, incorporation of ³H-thymidine, and trypan blue dye exclusion. Cell cycle and apoptosis studies will be performed by DNA flow cytometry analysis. In addition, Western blot analysis will be used to investigate whether certain cell cycle regulatory proteins and retinoid receptor profile are altered during the course of the treatment. N. Darwiche, A. Bazarbachi and M. El-Sabban.

Plant tannins as inhibitors of hydroperoxide production and tumor promotion induced by ultraviolet B radiation in mouse skin in vivo

The antioxidant and anti-tumor promotion activities of tannins were examined in mouse skin treated with UVB radiation. Treatment with two UVB doses of 225 mJ/cm²each, applied at a 48 h interval increased the hydrogen peroxide (HPx)-producing activity of the epidermis, which was maximally stimulated at 4 days and returned to control levels at 15 days. Pretreatment of mouse skin with tannins remarkably inhibited this HPx response to UVB radiation. When applied topically or injected i.p. for a period of 25 weeks, 20 min before UVB, tannins inhibited papilloma formation by 70 and 44%, respectively. To appear in Oncology Reports (Supported by URB and the Third World Academy of Sciences.) H. Gali-Muhtasib, S. Yamut, and M. Sidani.

Traditional uses of Salvia libanotica (sage) and the effects of its essential oils

This review paper discusses the uses of the Lebanese sage as an herb in traditional medicine. It also describes the individual components of the oil extract of this plant, their benefits and side-effects when consumed by man. Submitted to the Journal of Ethnopharmacology. H. Gali-Muhtasib and C. Khater.

Tannins extracted from the pods of Caesalpinia spinosa inhibit cell growth, induce apoptosis and protect against UV-induced cell damage

The growth inhibitory and cytotoxicity effects of tannin (TA) extracted from Caesalpinia spinosa on a mouse fibroblast cell line (AKR2B) was investigated. TA inhcell growth in a dose-dependent manner with an LD₅₀ of 3-10 mg/ml. Results of cell cycle analysis indicated that TA arrested cells in the G0-G1 stage of the cell cycle and induced apoptosis. Interestingly, TA was also found to protect against UV-induced cell damage when used at low doses (3mg/ml). (Supported by URB.) H. Gali-Muhtasib.

Chemopreventive effects of Salvia libanotica essential oils on skin papillomas in mice

The skin anti-tumor promoting effect of the oil extract of the Lebanese sage was studied. When applied topically, 15 minutes before the tumor promoter TPA, twice per week for 20 weeks, 100% oil inhibited papilloma formation by almost 78% and delayed the appearance of tumors by 4 weeks. Doses of 50% and 5% oil inhibited skin tumors by 42%. Topical application of 10, 50 and 100% of oil inhibited tumor weight by 64, 75 and 80%, respectively. Thus, the oil extracted from the Lebanese sage possesses anti-tumor promoting properties in mouse skin. (Supported partly by LNCSR.) H. Gali-Muhtasib.

Mechanisms of photoprotection by plant tannins: effect on UVB-induced apoptosis in the skin

Plant tannins extracted from various plant sources have been recently found to possess photoprotective effects in mouse skin. This research aims at investigating some of the mechanisms by which these compounds inhibit UVB-induced effects in the skin at the cellular and molecular level. (Supported by URB and by the Medical Practice Plan (MPP).) H. Gali-Muhtasib and M. El-Sabban.

The role of vitamins C, E and their analogs on ultraviolet radiation-induced effects in the skin

This project identifies the protective roles of the antioxidant vitamins C and E and their analogs when applied alone or in combination on UV-induced damage in primary keratinocytes and keratinocyte cell lines. Protection by these compounds would emphasize the role of reactive oxygen species in UV-induced skin cancer. (Supported by LNCSR.) H. Gali-Muhtasib and M. El-Sabban.

Inhibition of DMH-induced colon cancer in Balb-c mice by hydrolyzable and condensed tannins

This ongoing project will determine whether plant tannins that were previously shown to possess potent anti-promoting effects in the skin could also inhibit chemically induced colon cancer in mice when administered in the drinking water. (Supported by the Third World Academy of Sciences (TWAS).) H. Gali-Muhtasib.

AMF form symbiotic association with roots of most plants. Plants benefit from this symbiosis by increased nutrient uptake and protection from harmful root pathogens. The aim of this project is to study biocontrol and its mechanisms of AMF inocula on the fungal pathogens Fusarium solani and Fusarium oxysporum in cultivated plants. (Supported by URB.) S. Greipsson.

Alteration of phosphorus cycle in ecosystems as a result of amplified rhizospheric arbuscular mycorrhizal activity due to increased atmospheric CO₂ levels

The overall response of AMF/plant symbiosis to elevated CO₂ are examined. Change in AMF activity could change phosphorus uptake by the plants and therefore influence the rate of phosphorus cycling within ecosystems and consequently ecosystem processes. (Supported by URB.) S. Greipsson.

Random amplified polymorphic DNA typing of Streptococcus sanguis isolated from human oral cavity and dental caries

We assessed the utility of random amplified polymorphic DNA typing (RAPD) in subtyping of 18 Streptococcus sanguis isolates obtained from the oral cavity (OC) of control individuals as well as OC and dental caries (DC) of patients in order to determine any genomic similarities. The isolates (10 from OC of 10 control individuals, 4 from OC of 4 dental patients and 4 from DC of the corresponding dental patients) were studied. Our data have shown that all 10 isolates obtained from OC of control individuals had different patterns. The 4 OC and 4 DC isolates obtained from 4 dental patients showed 2 closely related RAPD patterns were different from the 10 RAPD profiles obtained from OC of control individuals. This observation may imply that strains of S. sanguis with a particular genotype from OC of 4 dental patients are possible cause of the observed dental caries. H. Harakeh, A. Abdel-Noor, G. Mattar.

We assessed the utility of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) in subtyping of 38 isolates of Enterococcus faecalis. Twenty were recovered from urinary tract infections and 18 from rectal swabs of hospitalized patients. All isolates were identified by API 20S. Biotyping was done on the basis of bippurate hydrolysis (HH). Our data has shown that all isolates were E. faecalis, of which 13 of fecal and 6 of urine origin were of biotype I (HH positive) and 5 fecal and 14 urine were of biotype II (HH negative). RAPD data has shown that of 19 biotype I isolates, 2 showed one pattern and 2 another pattern. The remaining 15 had different patterns. In addition, of 19 biotype II isolates, 2 showed one pattern and the remaining 17 different patterns. These observations suggest that RAPD is recommended for subtyping E. faecalis and may be useful as a tool in epidemilogic investigations. (Supported by URB.) H. Harakeh, M. Rizk, M. Uwaydah, G. Mattar.

Sanani, Al Nakhel and Ramkine islets are Lebanese areas protected since 1992. Two diurnal lizard species,: Mabuya vittata and Lacerta laevis and one nocturnal species, Hemidactylus turcicus were collected from Al Nakhel Islet (the largest one). L. laevis lives mainly in rocky habitats but it is also found in sandy habitats to which M. vittata is restricted. The H. turcicus shares the same rocky habitat with L. laevis. Sea turtles (Caretta caretta) have been observed laying their eggs during June on the sandy coast of Al Nakhel Island. Two colubrid species of snakes were also observed, one of which is Coluber jugularis, while the other is yet to be collected and identified. Amphibia-Reptilia: In press. (Supported by LNCSR.) S. Hraoui-Bloquet, R. Sadek, R. Yammine-Saad.

A comprehensive review of the status, geographic distribution of Lebanese herpetofauna is being conducted. Many gaps exist in the old outdated literature regarding this herpetofauna and recent work by German and Dutch herpetologists has not yet managed to fill these gaps. This study is conducted in collaboration with colleagues in the Museo Regionale di Scienza, Turino, Italy. The study includes a survey of the herpetofauna of the Lebanese protected areas. (Supported partly by the LNCSR.) S. Hraoui-Bloquet, R. Sadek, R. Sindaco.

Hyperalgesia induced by cutaneous leishmaniasis and its modulation by thymulin

In the present study, we report hyperalgesia in a model of CL in Balb/c mice and its reduction by the thymic hormone thymulin. Different groups of mice received intraplantar injections of 2x10⁶ promastigote forms of L. major in 50 ul culture medium. One of these groups did not receive any thymulin treatment, the remaining groups received different doses (0.001, 0.5 and 1 m g) of thymulin injections (ip) in 100 m g saline daily. All animals were subjected to tail immersion (TF) and hot plate (HP) tests, 203 days prior to parasite injection and during the following 6 weeks. CL produced a decrease in the latencies of the TF and HP tests, starting at the first week post-injection and reaching a plateau by the second week. Thymulin treatment resulted in the reversal of hyperalgesia in a dose dependent manner. (Supported by URB.) S.A. Kanaan, B. Safieh-Garabedian, M. Karam, H. El Khansa, A. Jurjus, N. Saade.

The effects of thymulin injections on the IL-1b , TNFµ and NGF levels in Balb/c mice infected with Leishmania major

We have recently shown that murine C.L., induced by Leishmania major, produced hyperalgesia and increased levels of interleukin 1b (IL-1b ) and nerve growth factor (NGF), (Kanaan et al., Pain, 1996, 66: 373-379). In this study we investigate whether daily injections of thymulin can alter the hyperalgesia and the increased levels ofcytokines by C.L. BALBc mice received intraplantar injections of either Leishmania prosmostigote only, or Leishmania followed by daily injections of thymulin, then subjected to acute pain tests or sacrificed at various time intervals for the determination of cytokines by ELISA. Treatment with thymulin reduced, in a dose-dependent manner, the hyperalgesia induced by C.L. These injections also reversed the increased levels of IL-1b and NGF. We conclude that high doses of thymulin can reverse the hyperalgesic effects of C.L., by down regulating the levels of IL-1b and NGF. (Supported by URB.) S.A. Kanaan, M. Karam, A. Jurjus, N. Saade, B. Safieh-Garabedian.

We have recently reported (Kanaan et al., 1998) that in the endotoxin-induced inflammation, Inteleukin (IL)-10 reduced significantly, and in a dose dependent manner, the inflammatory pain as assessed by mechanical and thermal tests. In addition , we have shown that IL-10 downregulated the levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) a , Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and IL-1b that were upregulated during this inflammation. The aim of this study is to investigate the roles of IL-10 and IL-13 on the inflammation induced by Ultra Violet B (UVB) radiation. (Supported by URB.) S.A. Kanaan, H. Ghali-Muhtasib, B. Safieh-Garabedian

Protective effects of coenzyme Q on lipid peroxidation in tissues of rainbow trout exposed to dieldrin

The toxicity induced by dieldrin is believed to be due to oxidative stress. Therefore, the effect of dietary supplementation with coenzyme Q was investigated. Rainbow trout were fed a control diet not supplemented with coenzyme Q or diets supplemented with two different levels of coenzyme Q. The feeding regime was continued for 15 days, after which 60% of the estimated median lethal concentration of dieldrin was administered for 24 hours. The oxidative stress status was then assessed by the determination of suitable indicators such as the activity of the two enzymes, catalase and superoxide dismutase, and the extent of lipid peroxidation in livers of the treated fish. The dieldrin concentrations in tissues of rainbow trout were determined by gas chromatography. A. Kassis, K. Knio, N. Kawar, and S. Dagher.

Survey, biology, and resource utilization of the flower-head infesting fruit flies (Tephritidae) on Asteraceae plants, in Lebanon

The family Tephritidae comprises 4,000 species of fruit flies distributed in temperate, tropical, and subtropical regions. It includes fruit-infesting and non-fruit infesting species. The non-frugivorous tephritids are less well known, and mostly infest flower heads of Asteraceae plants. Very little is known about the identity, host range, and distribution of flower-head infesting tephritids in Lebanon.

A survey on the flower-head infesting tephritids associated with thistles in Lebanon was started in the Spring of 1995. Out of 23 thistle species belonging to the Asteraceae, 19 yielded fruit flies. The fruit flies that were reared belonged to 18 species, 16 of which are reported for the first time to occur in Lebanon. Most of those species proved to be oligophagous, infesting a few related plant species. Ten new and unusual host records for those paleartic tephritids are also reported for the first time. (Supported by URB.) K. Knio, S. Kalash, and I. White*.

Mosquitoes are of great economic importance because they are vectors for a number of diseases. With the changing environment, the epidemiology of many vector-borne diseases is also changing. Recent malaria outbreaks have occurred in many countries where the disease was thought to have been eradicated. Several Anopheles species have been unexpectedly found in the neighboring countries of Lebanon. This study updates and reevaluates the status of mosquitoes in Lebanon and determines their distribution and breeding sites. K. Knio, N. Markarian, N. Nuwayri-Salti.

Effect of different spices on the Na^+-K⁺ ATPase activity and intestinal alanine absorption

Different spices, highly used in Middle Eastern dishes, were shown to inhibit the activity of the Na⁺-K⁺ ATPase and consequently the absorption of alanine from a perfused rat intestinal segment. S. Kreydiyyeh, J. Usta, and R. Copti.

TNFa was found to inhibit the glucose but not alanine absorption from the rat intestine. This was ascribed to an inhibitory effect on the activity of the Na+-K+ ATPAse. (Supported by URB.) S. Kreydiyyeh.

This study aims at deciphering the transcriptional and posttranslational regulatory mechanisms that underlie right ventricular hypertrophy, commonly associated with heart failure. Pulmonary hypertension is experimentally induced by Monocrotaline and its reversibility is attempted using novel drugs. (Supported by URB.) S. Nasr, M. Nasser.

Changes in the level of Tumor Necrosis Factor a (TNFa ) and its receptor in the blood and follicular fluid of polycystic ovarian patients

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome is characterized by many symptoms including anovulation and is considered the most common cause of infertility among women of reproductive age. The overall objective of this study is to examine the role of the immune system, represented by TNFa, in determining the fate of the ovarian follicle. (A project proposal was submitted for funding to the LNCSR.) S. Nasr, E. Karkaji, J. Awwad, A. Jurjur, C. Tarraf.

Comparison between populations of Lacerta laevis and L. cf. Kulzeri in Lebanon using allozyme electrophoresis

Lacerta laevis is a common wall lizard in Lebanon found at altitudes from sea level up to 1500 meters or more along the levantine coast and in the Beqaa valley. L. cf kulzeri populations are found at higher altitude in the mountains of Lebanon and anti-Lebanon above 1400m but are not sympatric with L. laevis population. In this study, populations of L. laevis and L. cf kulzeri were sampled from various regions in Lebanon. Horizontal starch gel electropheresis was conducted on liver extracts of lizards from the various populations. Nei’s indices of similarity and distances were used to detect genetic variation within and among populations. Clustering analysis showed great genetic similarities within the widely distributed L. laevis populations. Moreover, there was a clear distinction between kulzeri and laevis populations. This makes it unlikely that the L. cf kulzeri populations represent a subspecies of L. laevis as had been suggested. (Supported by URB.) R.A. Sadek, K. Knio, E. Baydoun, K. Zreik.

Two diurnal species of lizards, namely, Lacerta laevis and Mabuya vittata are found on the Palm Islands off Tripoli, North Lebanon. An ecological study of the lizards is currently being conducted concerning their population density, spatial relations and thermal ecology, reproductive cycle and diet. Lizards are being marked and released on the island. Some are captured and killed to study their diet and reproductive cycles. This work is in progress. R.A. Sadek, S. Hraoui-Bloquet

Assessment of the vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in the Lebanon: impact on natural areas and wildlife in Lebanon

This study represents a part of a general study conducted to assess the vulnerability of various Lebanese sectors to the projected global climate changes and the adaptations to the impacts. These sectors include, water resources, marine and coastal resources, agricultural sectors, natural areas, protected areas and wildlife and the overall socioeconomic impacts. The team to conduct this assessment, lead by Dr. M. Khawli, Director of the Lebanese Remote Sensing Center, was assigned by the Lebanese Council for Scientific Research, funded by the UNDP and supervised by the Ministry of the Environment. The above two authors concentrated on the chapter relating to natural areas and wildlife. The report will be in circulation in the summer of 1999. (Supported by United Nations Development Program (UNDP).) S. Safi, R.A. Sadek.

We have recently reported that intraperitoneal injection of thymulin in low doses resulted in thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia and upregulation in the level of IL-1b in the liver. In this study, we demonstrate that such injections of thymulin resulted in a significant elevation in the levels of TNF-a , NGF and PGE2 in the liver of treated rats. Pretreatment with specific antagonists to each of these factors did not result in the abolition of hyperalgesia as assessed by the different pain tests. However, pretreatment with a combination of the antagonist and antisera resulted in almost complete reversal of thymulin-induced hyperalgesia. The cyclooxygenase inhibitor, meloxicam, reversed in dose dependent manner thymulin effects as assessed by the different pain tests. It also abolished the thymulin-induced increase of cytokines. Our results indicate that PGE2 could be the key mediator of the hyperalgesic action of thymulin and the observed upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and NGF. (Supported by URB.) B. Safieh-Garabedian, *M. Dardenne, S.A. Kannan, S.F. Atweh, S.J. Jabbur, N.E. Saade.

This study, based on our previous finding that thymulin induces hyperalgesia in low concentrations, will investigate the effects of thymulin on the nervous system (direct and indirect). Furthermore, our aim is to characterize such interactions by determining the role of mediators. One important aspect of this project is to identify thymulin receptors in the central nervous system. The results obtained will help determine an important role for thymulin in the bi-directional communication between the neuro-immune-endocrine system. (Supported by CEDRE project grant.) B. Safieh-Garabedina, *M. Dardenne, S.A. Kanaan, S.F. Atweh, *F. Haour, *J.M. Pleau, *M.C. Gagnerault.

The analgesic effects of lys-D-pro-val and lys-D-pro-thr in a rat model of localized inflammatory hyperalgesia induced by endotoxin

To investigate the analgesic effects of the tripeptides lys-D-pro-val (known to antagonize the hyperalgesic actions of IL-1b and PGE2) and lys-D-pro-thr (known to antagonize the hyperalgesic actions (IL-1b ) in a recently developed rat model of localized inflammatory hyperalgesia induced by intraplantar endotoxin injections. Part of this study includes determining the effect of these tripeptides on proinflammatory cytokines. The aim of the project is to characterize the use of these tripeptides as novel analgesic agents. (Supported by CeNeS limited, Cambridge, UK.) S. Safieh-Garabedian, N.E. Saade.

Effect of extracellular matrix and lactation hormones on the expression of gap junction proteins in a mammary epithelial cell strain (CID-9): relation to functional differentiation

The expression and modulation of connexin proteins in CID-9 cells cultured under different ECM and hormonal conditions were analysed using immunostaining, northern blot analysis and gap junction functional assays. Preliminary data suggest that ECM and lactational hormones regulate connexins expression and function of gap junction. Further studies are under way. (Supported by URB and DTS Fund.) R. Talhouk, M. E. El-Sabban.

Effect of Awassi sheep mammary derived oMDGF-1 and oMDGF-2 on mammary epithelial cell differentiation

Two growth factors were partially purified from secretions of the ovine mammary gland. The effects these growth factors have on functional parameters of mammary epithelial cells in culture were analysed. Results suggest that the two growth factors are IGF and NDF-like growth factors. Both growth factors stimulate growth of mammary epithelial cells in culture, and modulate other functional parameters of the mammary cells. (Supported by LNCSR.) R. Talhouk, S. Hamadeh.

Characterisation of the interplay between hyperalgesia and ECM remodelling in endotoxin mediated local and reversible acute inflammation

A study was conducted to determine if ECM-degrading proteinases at the site of an ET-induced hyperaglesia play any role in modulating hyperalgesia. Results indicate that gelatinase B is a major player in modulating hyperalgesia at the site of inflammation, and that hyperalgesia can be blocked by ECM-degrading proteinase inhibitors. This is a novel role ascribed to ECM-degrading proteinases. (Supported by Third World Academy of Sciences (TWAS).) R. Talhouk, B. Safieh-Garabedian, N. Saa’deh.

Effect of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) on hyperalgesia and ECM-degrading proteinases in an endotoxin mediated local and reversible acute inflammation

The role that GHRH plays in modulating hyperalgesia, cytokine levels, and Gelatinases at the site of an ET-induced hyperalgesia is currently being investigated. (Supported by URB.) R. Talhouk, B. Safieh-Garabedian, N. Saa’deh.

Morphological appearance and steroidogenesis of rat granulosa cells (GCs) maintained on extracellular matrix (ECM)

The objectives of the study was to look at the actions and interactions of gonadotropins and ECMs on the morphological appearance, growth, progesterone production and aromatase activity of GCs obtained from preovulatory follicles of rat ovaries. Results have shown that GCs seeded on coated ECM exhibited a distinct morphology. Clusters of cells with spherical appearance were evident. In contrast, GCs cultured on plastic surfaces spread into confluent sheet. Also, progesterone production was maintained for a longer period in GCs cultured on ECM as compared to plastic. Production of progesterone was enhanced in the presence of the gonadotropin FSH. (Supported by URB.) C. G. Tarraf, R. Talhouk.

Exposure to persistent organochlorine pollutants has been associated with various reproductive problems. Although the environmental levels of most organochlorine pesticides have decreased in most countries, they are still persistent due to their long half-life. In fact, an ongoing study on lactating Lebanese mothers at the Biology, FTN and Pediatrics Departments at AUB shows that these particles contaminate our foods and find their way into the milk of healthy mothers. It has been strongly argued that exposure to a range of weakly estrogenic chemicals is to blame for the reproductive problems. Such hypothesis may be verified by in vivo studies on various animal species. To test this we propose to perform pilot studies on rodents, so as we eventually can address the question on larger animals, namely the local Awassi sheep. It is note worthy to mention that no such work has been reported in mammals in general and in sheep in specific. (Supported by LNCSR.) C. G. Tarraf, I. El-Hajj*, S. Hamadeh, K. Hilan*, and R. Talhouk.

Araj, G.F., Talhouk, R.S., Simaa’n, C.J., Massaa’d, M.J., Discrepancies between a PCR and conventional tests used for detection of methicillin resistance S. aureus. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 11, 47-52, 1999.

Ahmad, N.*, Gali, H., Javed, S.*, and Agarwal, R.*, Skin cancer chemopreventive effect of a flavonoid antioxidant silymarin are mediated via impairment of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling and perturbation in cell cycle progression. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 248, 294-301, 1998.

Barbour, E.K., Hamadeh, S.K., Abi Ghanem, D., Haddad, J.J., Safieh-Garabedian, B., Immunoprotentiation in chicken layers by thymulin, thymopoietin and zinc. Vaccine, 16, 1650-1655, 1998.

Barbour, E.K., Hamadeh, S., Talhouk, R.S., Sakr, W., Darwich, R., Evaluation of an enrofloxacin-treatment program against mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in broilers. Journal of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 35, 91-99, 1998.

Baydoun, E., Cloning: Scientific background and prospects. Healthy Living, 21, 17-21,1997. (In Arabic.)

———, Cloning. Bulletin of the Lebanese Association for the Advancement of Sciences, 10, 17-22, 1998. (In Arabic.)

Baydoun, E., and Brett, C., Distribution of xylosyltransferases and glucurontransferase within the Golgi apparatus in etiolated pea (Pisum sativum L.) . Journal of Experimental Botany, 48, 1209-1214, 1997.

Baydoun, E., Rizk, S. and Brett, C., Localization of methyltransferases involved in glucuoronoxylan and pectin methylation in the Golgi apparatus in etiolated pea (Pisum sativum L.) epicotyls. Journal of Plant Physiology, 1999.

Brett, C., Healy, S., McDonald, M., Macgregor, C. and Baydoun, E., Binding of nascent glucuronoxylan to the cell walls of pea seedlings. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 21, 169-173, 1997.

Gali-Muhtasib, H. G., Haddadin, M. J., Nazer, M. Z. and Soudir, N. D., Photoprotective effects of some quinoxaline 1,4-dioxides in hairless mice. Medical Oncology, 15, 262-269, 1998.

Gali-Muhtasib, H.U., Perchellet, J.P. and Khatib, S.H., Inhibition of Ultraviolet B radiation induced ornithine decarboxylase activity and edema formation by hydrolyzable and condensed tannins in mouse skin in vivo. AnticancerResearch 17: 4507-4514, 1997.

———, Inhibitory effects of plant tannins on ultraviolet light-induced epidermal DNA synthesis in hairless mice. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 67(6), 663-668, 1998.

Gali-Muhtasib, H.U. and Smith, C^*. The significance of residency and body size on

the aggression and dominance of the crayfish Orconectes nais. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 101 (1-2), 11-16, 1998.

Greipsson, S., Ahokas, H. and Vahaniko, S., A rapid adaptation to low salinity of inland colonizing populations of the littoral-grass Leymus arenarius. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 158, 73-78, 1997.

Greipsson, S., and Davy, A.J., Reponses of Leymus arenarius to nutrients: improvement of seed production and seedling establishment for land reclamation. Journal of Applied Ecology, 34, 1165-1176, 1997.

Greipsson, S., El-Mayas, H., Large-scale reclamation of barren lands by aerial seedling. Land Degradation and Development, 10, 127-135, 1998.

Hamadeh, S. K., E. Barbour, M. Abi Said, K. Daadaa, C. G. Tarraf. Reproductive performance, progesterone serum, and milk production in spring postpartum Awassi and Finn x Texel x Awassi ewes. Journal of Agricultural Science, 131, 347-351.

Hraoui-Bloquet, S., Sabeh, M., Sadek, R., La presence du triton Triturus cittalus Gray 1835 amphibien urodel au Liban. Lebanese Scientific Research Reports, 2 (1), 15-22, 1997.

Ibarra-Perez*, F. J., Barnhart*, D., Ehdaie*, B., Knio, K. M. and Waines*, J. G., Effects of insect tripping on seed yield of common bean. Crop Science, 39, 428-433, 1999.

Kanaan, S.A., Saade, N., Poole, S., Jabbour, S.J., Safieh-Garabedian, B., Interleukin-10 reduces the endotoxin-induced hyperalgesia in mice. Journal of Neuroimmunology, 86, 142-150, 1998.

Kanaan, S.A., Safieh-Garabedian, B., Haddad, J.J., Atweh, S.F., Abdelnoor, A.M., Jabbour, S.J., Saade, N.E., Effects of various analgesic and anti inflammatory drugs on endotoxin-induced hyperalgesia in rats and mice. Pharmacology, 54, 285-297, 1997.

Kreydiyyeh, S.I, El-Kasti, M and Bikhazi, AB., A possible mechanism for the insulin stimulation of alanine uptake by isolated rat hepatocytes. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology [C] 116, 245-253, 1997.

Kreydiyyeh, S.I., Alpha and beta adrenocoptors mediate the inhibitory effect of epinephrine on the mucosal uptake of phenylalanine in the rat jejunum. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 75, 1312-1315, 1997.

Kreydiyyeh, S.I, Haddad , J.J. and Safieh-Garabedian, B., Interleukin b inhibits glucose intestinal transport in the rat. Life Sciences, 63, 1913-1920, 1998.

Kurtz, A*., Wang, H.L.*, Darwiche, N., Harris, V*. and Wellstein, A*., Expression of a binding protein for FGF is associated with epithelial development and skin carcinogenesis. Oncogene, 22, 2671-2681, 1997.

Masri, A., and Nasr, A., Gene therapy: the genie of modern medicine. SciQuest, 1 (7), 1999.

———, Therapeutic application of transplantation: from genes to organs. SciQuest, 1 (7), 1999.

Saade, N.E., Kanaan, S.A., Haddad, J.J., Atweh, S.F., Jabbour, S.J., Safieh-Garabedian, B., Dissociation between peripheral and central components of endotoxin (ET)-induced hyperalgesia. In Pain Mechanisms and Management, ed. Apkarian, A.V. and Ayrapetian, S., 120-130. Ohmsha: IOS Press, 1998.

Saade, N.E., Major, S.C., Atweh, S.F., Jabbur, S.J., Kanaan, S.A., Safieh-Garabedian, B., Involvement of capsaicin sensitive primary afferents in thymulin-induced hyperalgesia. Journal of Neuroimmunology, 91, 171-179, 1998.

Safieh-Garabedian, B., Kanaan, S.A., Haddad, J.J., Abou Jaoude, P.G., Jabbur, S.J., Saade, N.E., Involvement of interleukin-1b , nerve growth factor and prostaglandin-E2 in endotoxin induced localized inflammatory hyperalgesia. British Journal of Pharmacology, 121,1619-1626, 1997.

Safieh-Garabedian, B., Kanaan, S.A., Jabbur, S.J., Saade, N.E., Cytokine mediated or direct effects of thymulin on the nervous system as assessed by pain related behavior. NeuroImmunoModulation, 6, 39-44, 1999.

Safieh-Garabedian, B., Kanaan, S.A., Jalakhian, R.H., Jabbur, S.J., Saade, N.E., intraplantar low dose of thymulin injection results in localized inflammatory hyperalgesia: involvement of interleukin-1b nerve, growth factor and prostaglandin-E2. Brain Behavior and Immunity, 11, 185-200, 1997.

Schanbacher, F.L.*, Talhouk, R.S., Murray, F.A.*, Biology and origin of bioactive peptides in milk. Livestock Production Science, 50, 105-123, 1997.

Schanbacher, F.L.*, Talhouk, R.S., Murray, F.A.*, Gherman, L.I.*, Willet, L.B.*, Milk-borne bioactive peptides. International Dairy Journal, 8, 393-403, 1998.

Song, H.J.*, Poy, G*., Darwiche, N., Lichti, U*., Kuroki, T*., Steinert, P.M.* and Kartasova, T*., Mouse Spr2 Genes: A clustered family in genes showing differential expression in epithelial tissues. Genomics, 55 (1), 28-42, 1999.

Talhouk, R.S., El-Dana, R.A., Barbour, E.K., Araj, G.F., Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility and moleculara characterization of Campylobacter strains recovered from humans and poultry in Lebanon. Lebanese Medical Journal, 6, 310-316, 1998.

Talhouk, R.S., Neiswander, R.L.*, Schanbacher, F.L.*, Effect of extracellular matrix on growth, cell morphology and lactoferrin synthesis and secretion in bovine mammary cell culture. Tissue and Cell, 30, 226-235, 1998.

Tennenbaum, T.*, Lowry, D*., Darwiche, N., Morgan, D.L*., Gartsbein, M*., Hansen, L*., De Luca, L.M.*., Hennings, H*. and Yuspa, S.H*., Tropical retinoic acid reduces skin papilloma formation but resistant papillomas are at high risk for malignant conversion. Cancer Research, 58, 1435-1443, 1998.

Zahed, L.F., Talhouk, R.S., Saleh, M.A., Abou-Jaoude, R., Fisher, C., Old, J., The spectrum of b -thalassaemia mutations in Lebanon. Human Heredity, 47, 241-249, 1997.

ABSTRACTS, PRESENTATIONS AND PROCEEDINGS

Bahut, N., Abou Jaoude, P.G., Saadeh, F., Hamaoui, S., Safieh-Garabedian, B., Kanaan, S.A., Jabbur, S.J., Atweh, S.F., Intraplantar endotoxin (ET) injection induces FOS like immunoreactivity in the lumber spinal cord or rats. Society of Neuroscience 27^th Annual Meeting, New Orleans, USA, 1997.

Baydoun, E. and Brett, C., Compartmentation of cell-wall matrix biosynthesis within the Golgi apparatus. Proceedings of the 8^th International Cell Wall Meeting, Norwich, UK, 1998.

Baydoun, E., Rizk., S., Abdel-Massih, R., Dani, D. and Brett, C., Characterization and subcellular localization of cell-wall biosynthetic enzymes in pea epicotyls. Proceedings of the 8^th Scottish Cell Wall Meeting, Dundee, U.K., 1998.

Brett, C., Rizk, S. and Baydoun, E., pH dependent binding of a nascent glucuronoarabinoxylan-protein complex to xyloglucan and its possible role in cell wall assembly. Proceedings of the 8^th Scottish Cell Wall Meeting, Dundee, UK, 9, 1998.

———, Binding of nascent glucuronoarabinoxylan-protein complex to xyloglucan: pH-dependence and possible role in cell wall assembly. Proceedings of the 8^th International Cell Wall Meeting, Norwich, UK, 1998.

El-Sabban, M., Kalaany, N., Shami, R., Shaayto, A., Bassam, R., Talhouk, R., Modulation of gap junctional protein expression and functional expression and function in CID-9 mammary cells by extracellular matrix, 1999.

Gali-Muhtasib, H.U., Affara, N., Khater, C. and Christo, H., The essential oil of Sallibanotica (sage) protects against chemically induced tumors in the skin. Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research 40, 258, April 1999.

Gali-Muhtasib, H.U., Al-Maalouf, S., Darwiche, N., Hazimeh, Y. and El-Sabban, M., In vitro effects of vitamin E and analogues on UVB-induced apoptosis. Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research, 40, 225, Pennsylvania, USA, April 1999.

Gali-Muhtasib, H.U., Haddadin, M.J., and Sodir, N.M., 2-Benzoyl-3-phenylquinoxaline 1,4-dioxide protects against ultraviolet B radiation induced effects in the skin of hairless mice. 2^ndWorld Congress on Advances in Oncology published, 1997. Proceedings published in International Journal of Oncology (supplement), 11, 936, October 1997.

Gali-Muhtasib, H.U., Khatib, S.H., and Sodir, N.M., Protection against ultraviolet B radiation-induced effects in murine skin by naturally occurring plant polyphenols. 3rd International Epidemiological Association Eastern Mediterranean Regional Scientific Meeting, AUB, Beirut, Lebanon, October 22-5, 1997, P/14/EO, 1997.

Gali-Muhtasib, H.U. and Rubeiz, N., The role of vitamin C, E and their analogs on ultraviolet radiation-induced effects in the skin. Lebanese Abstracts, III, 418, 1997.

Gali-Muhtasib, H.U. and Smith, C.C., Effect of silicon and nitrogen nutrition on the palatability of grasses: implications for pest control. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 15 (2), 119, October 1997.

Gali-Muhtasib, H.U. and Yamut, S., Inhibition of hydroperoxide production and tumor promotion by hydrolyzable and condensed tannins in mouse skin treated with ultraviolet B radiation. Lebanese Abstracts, III, 417, 1997.

———, Photoprotective and antioxidant effects of hydrolyzable and condensed tannins in the skin of hairless mice. Sixth International Conference of Anticancer Research, Kallithea, Halkidiki, Greece, October 21-25, 1998. Proceedings published in Anticancer Research, 18 (6C), 4867, October 1998.

Harakeh, H., Abdel-Noor, A., Matar, G., Random amplified polymorphic DNA typing of Streptococcus sanguis isolated from human oral cavity and dental caries. American Society for Microbiology 99th Annual Meeting, Chicago, USA, 1999.

Harakeh, H., Rizk, M., Uwaydah, M., Matar, G., Random amplified polymorphic DNA typing of Enterococcus faecalis. American Society for Microbiology 98th Annual Meeting, Atlanta, USA, 1998.

Hraoui-Bloquet, S., Sadek, R., Sabeh, M., The male sexual cycle of Lacerta media in Mount Lebanon compared with that of Lacerta laevis. Oral Presentation. Third World Congress of Herpetology, Prague, August, 1997.

Hraoui-Bloquet, S., Sadek, R., Yammine-Saad, R., Reptiles of Sanani, Al Nakhel and Ramkine Islets, near Tripoli (North Lebanon). 9^thMeeting, European Society of Herpetology, Cedex, France, 1998.

Jabbur, S.J., Atweh, S.F., Safieh-Garabedian, B., Kanaan, S.A., Saade, N.E., Alteration of endotoxin (ET)-induced hyperalgesia by chronic and acute treatment with capsaicin (CP). Society of Neuroscience 28th Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, USA, 1998.

Kanaan, S.A., Safieh-Garabedian, B., Jabbour, S.J., Saade, N.E., Involvement of interleukin 1b (IL-1b ), nerve growth factor (NGF) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in endotoxin (ET)-induced hyperalgesia. Society of Neuroscience, 23, 165, USA, 1997.

Kanaan, S.A., Safieh-Garabedian, B., Jurjus, A., Karam, M., El-Khansa, H., Saade, N., Hyperalgesia induced by cutaneous leishmaniasis and its modulation by thymulin. Society of Neuroimmunology, 90, 214, p. 40, Montreal, Canada, 1998.

Knio, K., Baydoun, E., Tawk, R. and Nuwayri-Salti, N., Isoenzyme characterization of Leishmania isolates from Lebanon and Syria. Proceedings of the 46^th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 3, 179, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, December 1997.

Kreydiyyeh, S., Cyclic AMP inhibits mucosal transport of 3-0-methyl glucose in the rat intestine. Experimental Biology meeting, San Francisco, 1998. Proceedings published in The FASEB Journal, 12, A369, 1998.

———, Epinephrine stimulates the Na+-K+ pump in isolated rat jejunal cells. Experimental Biology Meeting, Washington, 1999. Proceedings published in The FASEB Journal, 13, A403, 1999.

Medawar, W.A., Kaspar, H.G., Ibrahim, H.K., Al-Tayeh, A.U., Nasr, S.J., El-Sabban, M.E., Nasser, M.G., Reversal of structural alterations in the pulmonary vascular system and of cardiac remodeling in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rat. European Society of Cardiology Symposium, August 1999.

Nuwayri-Salti, N., Baydoun, E., Tannir, D., Arayssi, S. and Knio, K., Profile of Leishmaniasis in Lebanon: review of patients with cutaneous disease referred to American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC) between December 1993 and June 1997. The 46^th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene,3, 178, Orlando, Florida, December 1997.

Nuwayri-Salti, N., Baydoun, E., Tannir, D. and Knio, K., Profile of leishmaniasis in Lebanon: Review of patients with cutaneous disease referred to American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC) between December 1993 and June 1997. Proceedings of the 46^th Meeting of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, USA, 178, 1997.

Nuwayri-Salti, N., Baydoun, E., Tannir, D., Arayssi, S. and Knio, K., Profile of

Leishmaniasis in Lebanon: review of patients with cutaneous disease referred to American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC) between December 1993 and June 1997. The 46^th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 3, 178, Orlando, Florida, December 1997.

Rahhal, D.*, Haddadin, M.J., and Gali-Muhtasib, H.U., In vitro effects of quinoxaline 1,4-dioxides in a mouse papilloma derived cell line. 4^th Middle East Oncology Congress, Forum de Beyrouth, Beirut, Lebanon, 28 April- 1 May, 1999.

Rizk, S., Baydoun, E. and Brett, C., Localisation of methyltransferases within the Golgi apparatus. Proceedings of the 7^th Scottish Cell Wall Meeting, UK, 16-17, 1997.

———, pH-dependent binding of nascent glucuronoarabinoxylan and pectin to xyloglucan. Proceedings of the 9th Scottish Cell Wall Meeting, Glasgow, UK, 7, 1999.

Saade, N.E., Kanaan, S.A., Safieh-Garabedian, B., Jabbour, S.J., Atweh, S.F., Pain and neurogenic inflammation: Cytokine release by capsicin sensitive primary afferents. Pain and the Neuroimmune System, Beirut, Lebanon, 1999.

Saade, N.E., Lawand, H.F., Safieh-Garabedian, B., Atweh, S.F., Jabbur, S.J., Thymulin injections induced FOS-like immunoreactivity (FLI) in the central nervous system (CNS). 2^nd Congress European Federation of IASP, Barcelona, Spain, 1997.

Saade, N.E., Lawand, H.F., Safieh-Garabedian, B., Kanaan, S.A., Atweh, S.F., Jabbur, S.J., Intraplantar (i.pl.) injection of thymulin induces fos expression in the spinal cord (SC) and its reversal by morphine. Neuroimmunology, 90, 44, 1998.

Sadek, R., Hraoui-Bloquet, S., The distribution and ecology of Acanthodactylus schreiberi in the south of Lebanon. Poster. Third World Congress of Herpetology, Prague, August 1997.

Sadek, R., Said, H., Ecological and morphological comparisons between Lacerta species living at different altitudes in Lebanon. Oral presentation. Third World Congress of Herpetology, Prague, August, 1997.

Safieh-Garabedian, B., Kanaan, S.A., Atweh, S.F., Jabbur, S.J., Saade, N.E., Intraperitoneal thymulin injections produce hyperalgesia mediated through prostaglandin (PGE2) mechanisms and vagal afferents. Society of Neuroscience 28^th Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, USA, 1998.

Safieh-Garabedian, B., Kanaan, S.A., Jabbur, S.J., Atweh, S.F., Saade, N.E., The contribution of tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a ), interleukin-1b (IL-1b ) and nerve growth factor (NGF) to thymulin induced hyperalgesia. Society of Neuroscience 27th Annual Meeting, New Orleans, USA, 1997.

Safieh-Garabedian, B., Kanaan, S.A., Jabbur, S.J., Saade, N.E., The role of vagal nerve afferents cytokines and prostaglandin-E2 in thymulin induced hyperalgesia. Middle East Medical Assembly, Beirut, Lebanon, 1997.

Safieh-Garabedian, B., Major, S.C., Azar, S.T., Nerve growth factor (NGF) and transforming growth factor₂ (TGF-b )₂ in the of patients with insulin dependant diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Neuroimmunomodulation, 5, 42, 1998.

Safieh-Garabedian, B., Major, S.C., Jabbur, S.J., Atweh, S.F., Saade, N.E., Thymulin induced hyperalgesia is mediated through capsaicin sensitive primary afferent fibers. Brain-Immune Network Group, London, UK, 1997.

Schanbacher, F.L.*, Talhouk, R.S., Murray, F.A.*, Gherman, L.I.*, Willett, L.B.*, Milk-borne bioactive peptides. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Functional Foods: Designer Foods for the Future, Cork, Ireland, October, 1997.

Talhouk, R., Characterization and modulation of mammary derived growth regulators in Awassi sheep during gestation. Fourth Scientific Research Conference, Lebanese National Scientific Research Council, Beirut, Lebanon, 1997.

———, Characterization and developmental regulation of mammary-derived growth promoting activities and gelatinases in sheep. First “Syrian-Lebanese Days” Conference, Animal Production and Health in Lebanon and Syria, Beirut, Lebanon, 1998.

———, Recombinant DNA technology made simple. New Frontiers in Math and Science Education, The Second Science and Math Teachers’ Conference, Beirut, Lebanon, May 9, 1998.

Talhouk, R., Hajjar, L., Abou-Gergi, R., Saa’deh, N., Safieh-Garabedian, B., Modulation of hyperalgesia and ECM-degrading proteinases in an ET mediated local and completely reversible acute inflammation. 27th Annual Meeting, American Society of Neuroscience, 319, 704-6, 1997.

MASTER’S THESES

Abdel-Masih, R., Subcellular localization of fucosyltransferases in the Golgi apparatus of pea (Pisum sativum L.) epicotyls (1998). E. Baydoun.

hyperalgesia induced by an ET-induced local and completely reversible inflammation (1998). B. Safieh-Garabedian, R. Talhouk.

Dani, D., Localisation of galactosyltransferases within the Golgi apparatus in pea Pisum sativum L.) epicotyls (1998). E. Baydoun.

Hajjar, L., Interplay between ECM-remodeling and hypralgesia during an ET-induced local and completely reversible inflammation (1998). R. Talhouk.

Karam, M., The effects of thymulin on leishmani major induced inflammation in mice (August 1998). S. Kanaan.

Kassis, A., Protective effects of coenzyme Q on lipid peroxidation, catalase and superoxide dismutse in livers of rainbow trout exposed to dieldrin (1997). S. Dagher.

Maani, F., Partial characterization and purification of growth factors involved in mammary gland development in Awassi sheep (1998). R. Talhouk.

Qatanani, M., The molecular analysis of b -thalassemia intermedia in Lebanon (1998). R. Talhouk.

Rizk, S., Localisation of methyltransferases involved in glucuronoxylan and pectin methylation in the Golgi apparatus in etiolataed pea (Pisum sativum) epicotyls (1997). E. Baydoun.