RESEARCH PROJECTS
Analog signal processing Stable integrators are developed, having a built-in zero that
could extend their high-frequency range of operation considerably beyond
that of the Miller integrator. Experimental and simulation results verify
the feasibility of the basic concept and the proposed circuit. An inverting,
and a differential input integrator were developed. Additionally a stable
very low frequency integrator is described. The resulting integrator has
a low-frequency range of operation considerably below that of the Miller
integrator. Experimental and simulation results verify the feasibility
of the basic concept and the proposed circuits. A paper based on this work
was submitted and accepted for publication. M. A. Al-Alaoui. (Supported
by URB.)
Computer networks An adaptive reservation ALOHA scheme is developed. The method
varies the number of data packets slots, M, preceding the reservation request
slots. M is chosen adaptively proportional to the load. The purpose of
the scheme is to reduce time delay. M. A. Al-Alaoui. (Supported
by URB.)
Digital communication The work presents a new formulation of the narrow-band digital
angle modulation problem. The direct modeling approach, in terms of angles
or frequencies, yields maximum likelihood detectors. Using a not widely
known asymptotic expression for the noise instantaneous frequency, a lower
bound for the probability of error of binary FSK is obtained. Two papers
based on this work were submitted and accepted for publication. M. A.
Al-Alaoui. (Supported by URB.)
First order s-to-z transforms A class of stable, first order, s-to-z transforms is developed.
The transforms are obtained by interpolating the traditional trapezoidal
and rectangular integration rules. It is shown that the new transforms
map the left half of the s-plane to circles in the z-plane that lie between
the two circles corresponding to the bilinear (Tustin) and the backward
difference (Euler) transforms. It is also shown that the relations between
the analog and digital frequency variables lie between the curves corresponding
to the above two transforms. Thus we may obtain mappings that trade nonlinearity
for frequency range or sampling rate. An interactive design approach is
introduced by varying one parameter which effects varying the transform
from the bilinear to the backward difference and all the ranges in between.
The sampling rate would be another parameter that may be varied to obtain
the lowest sampling rate for the desired compromise between the magnitude
and phase responses. A paper based on this work has been submitted and
accepted for publication. M. A. Al-Alaoui. (Supported by URB.)
Higher order s-to-z transforms Novel stable higher order s-to-z transforms are developed.
A class of second order stable transforms is obtained by stabilizing the
class of second order integrators resulting from interpolating the Simpson
and the trapezoidal rules. In addition new transforms are obtained by stabilizing
recently introduced s-to-z mapping functions using the Adams-Moulton numerical
integration formulas. The approach is general and can be applied to other
integration rules to obtain stable transforms. M. A. Al-Alaoui.
(Supported by URB.)
Biomedical engineering Three Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based systems are compared
as to their performance in the diagnosis of the thickening of the left
wall of the heart (LVH), from ECG signals. The first ANN system carries
the work in two steps, each implemented by using an ANN block. The first
block uses a three-layer ANN (two hidden and one output layer) to detect
the QRS proper beats while the second block uses a single layer ANN (no
hidden layers) to classify the beats as LVH or non LVH. The second and
third ANN systems apply a preprocessing phase on the ECG signal. The second
system employs one single layer ANN to perform the classification, using
Al-Alaoui’s form 2 algorithm. The third Network employs a three layer ANN
to perform the task, using the Error Backpropagation Algorithm. The work
is based on live cases taken from the AUB Medical Center Hospital in Beirut.
Performance of the three systems was close enough to deduce that one ANN
can take care of a 2 level classification, i.e., proper/improper beats
and LVH/nonLVH beats. M. A. Al-Alaoui, J. El-Achkar and M. Khuri*.
(Supported by URB.)
A comparative study of the applications of different s-to-z transforms to switched capacitor filters A comparative study of the applications of different s-to-z
transforms is developed. The comparative study investigates the effect
on the number of capacitances, the sensitivities, accuracy, ease of implementation
and power consumption of the different transforms. M. A. Al-Alaoui
and D. Matar. (Supported by URB.)
Character recognition The research presented in this project has investigated, from
three angles, the topic of fixed size (and font) Latin character recognition,
for which a special purpose character set was devised. The objectives were
to pinpoint the advantages and drawbacks of the numerous methods utilized,
and to generate a comparative analysis that is fair. These goals were achieved
by supplying a fixed input data set to all the methods and testing them
under the presence of noise, while keeping the input common to all of them
to ensure fairness during testing. First, various methods from neural networks
have been applied; next, fuzzy logic was adopted; and, last, both neural
networks and fuzzy logic methods were combined in a neuro-fuzzy approach.
As a result, an extensive and fair performance analysis has emanated, and
some novel approaches have been introduced, one of which has been successfully
applied to neural networks training, leading to very attractive results.
M. A. Al-Alaoui and R. Mouci. (Supported by URB.)
Speaker recognition Speaker recognition can be used anywhere where it is necessary
or beneficial to know the speaker. The research investigates the applications
of neural networks to speaker recognition. The research consists in comparing
different architectures and different algorithms for their speed of convergence
and accuracy. The research tries to exploit the natural division of speakers
into males and females. In addition, it divides males into groups as Bass
and Tenor, and females as Soprano and Alto. M. A. Al-Alaoui and
R. Wouhaybi. (Supported by URB.)
Database for air and noise pollution in Lebanon There is growing global and local public concern over deteriorating
air quality and greenhouse gas emissions released from various combustion
processes, particularly power plants and transportation systems. The transportation
sector has another unwanted product, noise pollution. Various combustion
processes contribute to air pollution in Lebanon, both static and mobile.
To be able to estimate the environmental impact of major thermal power
plants and the transportation sector in urbanized regions, it is necessary
to develop a database using specified sampling procedures. These samples
will then be analyzed and the results compared to international standards
to assess the implication of these pollutants. For this purpose, this project
has focused on developing a database for air and noise pollution in the
Greater Beirut area and in the vicinity of major power plants and cement
industries by means of extensive sampling procedures and under different
atmospheric conditions. The results will then be analyzed and most appropriate
mitigation measures will be specified accordingly. F. B. Chaaban and
G. M. Ayoub. (Supported by LNCSR.)
A solid-state controller for a wind energy conversion system The aim of this project is to carry out both theoretical and
practical investigations of a robust controller that can coordinate the
operation of the various components of a wind energy conversion system
in order to provide high quality power supply, and also to protect the
system against faulty and emergency conditions. The investigations will
cover the control for small wind/solar/battery systems which when finished
should be extended to detail the voland frequency control of a complete
system composed of a d.c. motor drive (to simulate the variable speed operation
of a wind turbine), a synchronous generator, and a d.c. link for either
autonomous or grid linked systems. R. Chedid. (Supported by LNCSR.)
The role of renewable energy in demand-side management programs for the Lebanese electric utility Demand-side management (DSM) is the process, employed by utilities,
of influencing customers directly or indirectly to modify and/or reduce
energy consumption. As electric utilities look for means to reduce demand
without building new power plants, they have become major boosters of energy
efficient technologies. As such, the objective of the proposed project
is to develop an analytical technique to study the ability of solar water
heaters on commercial and residential buildings to reduce electric demand
during peak intervals. R. Chedid. (Supported by URB.)
A probabilistic approach for performance evaluation of utility interactive wind electric conversion systems This project provides a general probabilistic model of a wind
energy conversion system composed of several wind turbines feeding a load
via battery storage. The proposed technique considers a bi-directional
flow of power and allows the simulation of wind farms containing identical
turbines or turbines of different types. The model can also be used to
evaluate the energy purchased from or injected to the grid in case of grid-connected
systems. R. Chedid. (Supported by URB.)
Performance visualization for parallel processing systems This research involves designing, developing, and implementing
a software tool used to visualize performance measures for multiprocessor
systems. The performance study of multiprocessor systems involves the interpretation
of large amounts of data pertaining to the processors, memory, and I/O
subsystems, where each subsystem may be characterized by various performance
indices such as relative speedup, utilization, throughput, etc. The tool
provides a user-friendly interface to graphically represent data, using
charts such as 2D- and 3D-Kiviat, and Chernoff’s face. H. Diab.
(Supported by URB.)
Performance evaluation for interconnection networks Performance evaluation of multistage interconnection networks
(MIN’s) plays an important role in the design of multiprocessor systems.
This research involves the design and implementation of a simulation tool
that supports the simulation of interconnection networks. The possibility
of introducing a scheme for reducing the effect of hot spots on the performance
of MIN’s will also be investigated. H. Diab. (Supported by URB.)
Microprocessor-based industrial controllers The economic recovery in Lebanon has started and will need
a strong backing from applied research that can take place in local universities.
The high technology needs efficient, high quality industrial plants, which
must be introduced in phases. Sustainable and locally supported technologies
have been proven to be the most successful tools in developing countries,
in applications including automated assembly, industrial process monitoring
and control, intelligent manufacturing systems, building automation, and
environmental monitoring. This research will investigate microprocessor-based
controllers suitable for industrial applications which might utilize existing
computing resources or require the design of customized controllers. H.
Diab and F. Mrad. (Supported by LNCSR.)
Intelligent automation in building management systems This project will investigate the use of fuzzy logic control
and adaptive control algorithms to devise an intelligent controller for
HVAC systems that are affected by factors such as architectural characteristics,
weather conditions, furniture layout and other factors that make traditional
mathematical modeling impossible. The research goals are to derive a control
scheme that will optimize the use of energy and ensure a healthy comfortable
climate for the occupants. The proposed control strategy will be tested
to assess the effectiveness of the proposed scheme on a prototype and implemented
on a commercial Direct Digital Controller. H. Diab and F. Mrad.
(Supported by LNCSR.)
Characteristic mode formulation of multiple rectangular apertures in a conducting plane with a dielectric filled cavity In this work, an analysis which is applicable to the general
class of the apertures-fed cavity problem is presented. This formulation
is done using the characteristic mode theory for aperture problems. A matrix
equation whose solution determines the characteristic magnetic currents
of the problem is derived and used for a numerical solution. A. El-Hajj
and K. Y. Kabalan. (Supported by URB.)
Three-dimensional characteristic mode formulation of the cavity-backed aperture problem The general problem of a cavity-backed aperture radiator is
formulated for the tangential electric field in the aperture. It is planned
to obtain an integro-differential equation for the special case of a rectangular
aperture backed by a rectangular cavity resonator. This equation is to
be solved using the theory of characteristic mode for aperture problems.
A. El-Hajj and K. Y. Kabalan. (Supported by URB.)
Automated wrapping In this project, we present a new approach of designing automated
tape wrapping. Current techniques often result in poor tape wrapping due
to their simple open loop control method. Specifically, when precise wrapping,
joining, and sealing is required in a product, current techniques do not
perform well when odd shapes are wrapped. The new method developed in this
project utilizes a SCARA type robotic manipulator with a micro manipulator
to achieve uniform sealing and joining results. Advantages of the proposed
methodology include 1) the unique mechanical design of the tape applicator
and the wrapping tool assures single adaptive uniform contact of the roller
over the tape on the object; 2) the object shape does not need to be uniform
or completely known; 3) the wrapping tool can be used for different applications
due to its flexibility; 4) tape material can be changed without affecting
the control scheme; and 5) closed loop control assures achieved actual
force and therefore yields better results in sealing and joining of the
object. Z. Gao*, S. Lee*, and F. Mrad.
Three-dimensional characteristic mode formulation of the waveguide aperture problem In this work, a general formulation of the waveguide aperture
problem is presented. This formulation is done using the characteristic
mode theory for aperture problems. This formulation leads to a matrix equation
whose solution determines the characteristic magnetic currents and fields.
Numerical results are presented to illustrate the simplicity of the formulation.
Comparison with available results will also be considered. K. Y. Kabalan
and A. El-Hajj. (Supported by URB.)
Electromagnetic field coupled into a rectangular waveguide through a slot aperture The characteristic mode theory has been used to solve many
problems involving apertures and conducting bodies. It is proposed to use
this theory to find a solution to the problem of rectangular waveguide-fed
slot antenna using this procedure. In the solution, the input region is
considered to be a free space and the output region has the form of a rectangle
with electromagnetic characteristics different from those of the input
region. Operators for the aperture tangential electric fields are derived
and arranged as weighted eigenvalue equations. The eigen-functions and
the eigenvalues equations are obtained from the required solution of the
problem. K. Y. Kabalan and A. El-Hajj. (Supported by URB.)
Optimal generation expansion with environmental constraints The aim of this project is to develop a computer program for
the identification of optimal generation expansion plans, minimizing system
production costs over a given time horizon while keeping the adequacy of
electric energy supply within some specified norms. The developed program
will also model environmental emissions of generating units and include
its effect onto the generation expansion plans. The program will be used
to propose expansion plans for the Lebanese electrical power system using
available expansion technologies. The developments will make use of an
existing computer program for generation production costing and environmental
emissions available at AUB. The new developments include the implementation
of an optimization algorithm based on dynamic programming and carrying
out system simulation and generation expansion studies on the EDL system.
S. Karaki, F. Chaaban and K. Tarhini. (Supported by LNCSR.)
Processor performance estimation using artificial neural networks An approach to predict the performance of current and future
processors using artificial neural networks is proposed. The approach is
based on the SUSPENS model for performance estimation, but will be implemented
using artificial neural networks, and tested on recent microprocessors,
such as the PowerPC family, the ALPHA family, and the P6. Data will be
collected from the literature about the various processors, and performance
figures for clock frequency, chip area, and power dissipation will be derived
using neural network techniques. A. Kayssi. (Supported by URB.)
Analytical transient response of MOS current mirrors The transient response of MOS current mirrors is of importance
to both analog and digital circuit designers. This research focuses on
the large-signal time response of a MOS current mirror to a saturating
ramp current source. An analytical closed-form solution will be derived,
and a macromodel for the settling time will be calculated using dimensional
analysis and curve-fitting techniques. A. Kayssi. (Supported
by URB.)
Switching noise in printed circuit boards We present the problem of simultaneous switching noise in
high-speed digital circuit boards and show that bypass capacitors solve
the problem of power supply fluctuations, by providing a temporary current
during switching. Three cases are discussed: single capacitor, capacitor
array, and distributed wiring. For the first two cases, the location of
the capacitors should be as close to the chips as possible. Procedures
to find the capacitance values are derived. For the third case, circuit
simulation is used to calculate the potential distribution on the power
and ground planes before and after insertion of the bypass capacitors.
A. Kayssi. (Supported by LNCSR.)
Current testing of digital systems We introduce an efficient current test method to detect disturb-type
pattern sensitivity in static random access memories. Dynamic power supply
current sensors are embedded in the SRAM chip providing the capability
to observe erroneous switching of cells in the SRAM array. This test method
is used to detect opens, shorts, and bridging faults. R. Makki*
and A. Kayssi. (Supported by US National Science Foundation.)
Automated excavation in construction Unlike indoor manufacturing applications where most robots
operate repetitively over conveyer-fed products, construction robots are
expected to operate in a very random and unstructured environment. Weather
conditions are critical. The need for precision of accomplished work, hazardous
and unhealthy environments, work repetitiveness, and vanishing labor skills
are a few demands for automation in construction. In this project, we developed
a simulation package in Matlab dedicated for the analysis and design of
robotic excavation integrated problems. The package is integrated in a
fully menu driven program with many robotics kinematics tools. The developed
package should assist construction operators and engineers in the planning
and execution of their projects. Obstacle detection and handling is a critical
process in automated excavation. We present an overview of the current
obstacle detection and handling strategies and sensory equipment, though
much is still at the experimental stages. F. Mrad, M. A. Adbul-Malak,
and Z. Khudr. (Supported by LNCSR).
Intelligent control in wind energy conversion systems We compare intelligent control and conventional control algorithms,
by applying each scheme to the same control problem. Based on simulation,
we analyze and compare the results of applying fuzzy logic and neural networks
controllers on a variable speed wind energy conversion system. The plant
should be controlled to maximize the power generated, while respecting
its hardware constraints under varying operating conditions and disturbances.
We have shown better performance of a fuzzy logic exciter controller for
the adopted wind energy generator when compared to a conventional PI exciter.
However, in the high wind speeds region, neither controllers could deliver
the rpm requirements and the turbine accelerated to an unacceptable rpm
value. This demonstrated that in practice, it is not possible to operate
a wind turbine during strong wind while keeping the speed and power variations
acceptable without the use of rotor pitch control. We proposed the use
of neural network intelligent techniques to supply us the optimal pitch
angle of the blades. F. Mrad, R. Chedid and M. Basma.
Adaptive fuzzy logic control: theory and implementation In manufacturing, many processing cells require the continuous
contact of driven tools with the workpiece surfaces such as machining and
fastening. The skilled operators compensate for the various changing conditions
of operations (e.g. texture, material, environment). In such processes,
the individual technologies are well modeled and understood, such as drivers,
sensors, lubricant, and manipulators. On the other hand, the integrated
plant illustrates the undetermined interactions among various technologies.
In earlier research, we developed and simulated a popular Fuzzy Logic Controller
(FLC) for fastening applications and experimentally verified the effectiveness
of the proposed FLC in addressing the challenging issues in process automation
such as machining and fastening. In this project, we will investigate and
derive adaptation schemes that can improve the Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC)
and make it less dependent on expert knowledge for membership and tuning
settings. F. Mrad and G. Deeb. (Supported by URB.)
Adaptive fuzzy logic power system stabilizer In this project an adaptive fuzzy proportional integral derivative
(PID) like power system stabilizer (PSS) is proposed, that uses just the
speed error and its rate of change as inputs. This was achieved by connecting
an integrator at the output of a proportional derivative (PD) like controller
which allowed the application of customized decision rules on the usually
available expert knowledge. The proposed PSS reduces the settling time
and overshoot of the disturbed generation system and eliminates steady
state error. Adaptation of the equivalent derivative and integral gain
constants is carried out to free the FLC from the much needed expert knowledge.
Simulations have shown that its performance is superior to that of traditional
and existing fuzzy PSS. The proposed PSS is coordinated with an AVR whose
response is controlled using Linear State Feedback (LSF) to relocate its
dominant poles according to supplied desired transient specifications.
F. Mrad, S. Karaki and B. Copti.
Pure fuzzy adaptive control systems (part 1) This work is the first in a series of research projects aimed
at establishing and testing a novel methodology for achieving pure fuzzy
and highly intelligent adaptive control systems. Unlike the existing fuzzy
adaptive controllers, which rely on combined fuzzy-neural or fuzzy-genetic
approaches, the proposed methodology will enable control systems to learn
from available data samples by relying on a purely fuzzy approach. This
will be based on the decision-making philosophy of fuzzy control systems,
and on a consistent non-probabilistic and parametrized defuzzification
strategy for their fuzzy outputs. The decision-making aspect of fuzzy controllers
as well as the new defuzzification and fuzzy set ranking strategy, which
implements decision making criteria, have recently been established and
published by the investigator of this project. J. J. Saade. (Supported
by URB.)
Geographic information system applications in electric networks This project aimed at developing GISbased modules to support
the control and automation of transmission and distribution systems with
application to the Lebanese electric power system. A conceptual module
was developed for the integration of the GIS with the Supervisory Control
and Data Acquisition systems. A GIS distribution automation module was
prepared and applied to a pilot area in Beirut city to provide the analysis,
switching operations, and reliability evaluation of the distribution systems.
A module for the GIS interface with the advanced power applications was
developed to enhance the quality of the electric power supply by optimizing
the reactive power compensation problem. These modules were customized
to handle design and operational problems in the GISEL project, which was
prepared by the sponsor for the Lebanese electric authority. M. Yehia.
(Supported by Khatib & Alami Consolidated Engineering Co.)
Electrical performance improvement of the Lebanese electric power system: energy management systems The implementation of basic Energy Management System (EMS)
concepts to the Lebanese utility are investigated with emphasis on the
techno-economical justification of EMS-SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition) systems. This work outlines the load management problems and
provides a statistical analysis of the collected data for the execution
of a national energy conservation program. In addition, it investigates
the development and installation of the state estimator as an EMS tool.
A PC based software package is developed and customized to account for
the Lebanese network specifics. The state estimator is used as an intermediate
solution in the absence of a national control center to determine the minimum
control requirements for the observability of the system. The system observability
was studied on the basis of a sensitivity analysis by manipulating the
number of measurements at different nodes. Finally, recommendations on
the minimum measurements requirements are proposed. M. Yehia and
F. Chaaban. (Supported by LNCSR.)
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AUB Engineering Conference in Jordan: New Horizons in Engineering and Technology
in the Arab Region, Amman, Jordan, May 1996.
Abdel-Samad, R., Performance evaluation of cache memory design using fuzzy logic (1997). Advisor: H. Diab. Akiki, H., A decision support technique for the analysis of autonomous and grid-connected renewable energy systems (1997). Advisor: R. Chedid. Basma, M., Intelligent control with implementation on the wind energy conversion system (1997). Advisor: F. Mrad. Copti, B., Intelligent control in power generation (1997). Advisor: F. Mrad. Hazim, M., Simulation of logic networks using MS Excel (1996). Advisor: A. El-Hajj. Khudr, Z., Automated excavation in construction (1997). Advisor: F. Mrad. Massoud, M., Use of a spreadsheet in finding the equivalent impedance of a network and its output voltages (1996). Advisor: K. Kabalan. Mestom, S., A scientific calculator with speed input/output interface (1997). Advisor: S. Karaki. Mouci, R., Neural networks, fuzzy logic and neuro-fuzzy approaches to character recognition (1997). Advisor: M. A. Al-Alaoui. Mughrabi, A., Simulation of the electrical behavior of a non-myelinated axon (1996). Advisor: N. Sabah. Rabbat, R., Operation future: a case study in using object-oriented programming to build multimedia software (1996). Advisor: A. Feghali. Wouhaybi, R., Speaker recognition using neural networks (1996). Advisor: M. A. Al-Alaoui. Yared, G., An integrated GIS environmental enhancing the operation and planning of power utilities (1996). Advisor: M. Yehia.
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